1. Markovnikov Addition Reaction
This reaction follows Electrophilic Substitution Reaction Stability of carbo cation is defined by 3°>2°>1° . The addition of halogen takes place on the carbon atom having less hydrogen atom and the addition of hydrogen takes place on the carbon atom which has more hydrogen.
This rule is applicable for only unsymmetrical alkene.
2. Peroxide Effect/Oxide Effect/Kharasch Effect/Anti-markovnikov Rule
This is applicable for only HBR. This rule is just opposite to Markovnikov Rule.
3. Darzen 's Reaction (Best Method for production of Chloro alkane)
This method is the best method for the preparation of alkyl chloride.
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4. Finkelstein Reaction (Best Method for the preparation of alkyl floride)
This method is the best method for the preparation of alkyl floride.
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5. Sandmayer's Reaction
When aniline treated with nitrous acid (NaNO2+HCl) benzodiazonium salt is obtained which further react with alkyl halide like bromine, chlorine, iodine result in the following products like chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, iodobenzene.
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6. Grignard Reagent Reaction
In Grignard Reagent the carbon magnesium bond is highly polar in nature due to electropositive nature of magnesium that' why it is quite evident that magnesium will oppose the electron density and shift it to the adjacent carbon atom. The Mg bond is ionic in nature.
Due to highly reactive of Grignard Reagent it reacts fast with any source of proton to give hydrocarbons.
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7. Kolbe's Reaction
On treating phenol with Sodium Hydroxide gives Sodium Phenoxide ion which is more reactive in nature towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. Hence it undergoes electrophilic substitution with weak electrofyle CO2 to form Ortho-hydroxy Benzoic Acid (salicylic acid).
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8. Riemer-Tiemann Reaction
On treating phenol with chloroform in presence of aq. Naoh a - COOH group is introduced at the ortho position of phenol. This reaction is called as Riemer-Tiemann Reaction.
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9. William son Ether Synthesise
In this reaction alk-oxide ion attacks on alkyl halide by SN² method. Since alkyl halide doesn't favour the attack of nucleophile on its 3 degree carbon, so elimination reaction complete over substitution to give alkene.
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10. Rosen-mund Reaction
When acyl chloride in hydrogenated in presence of palladium on barium sulfate benzaldehyde is produced as a product.
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11. Stephen Reaction
When nitrile are react with Sncl2 and HCl it gives amine which on further hydrolyzed produced Aldehyde.
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12. Gatter-man Koch Reaction
When toluene is treated with Carbon monoxide and HCl in presence of aluminium chloride or cuprous chloride it produces benzaldehyde.
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